Importance of Child Friendly Education Essay

This doesn't imply that you transform your class into a position of horrid learning. Most importantly, the exercises you would use with grown-ups can work, yet make them shorter. For instance, a pretend may need to most recent five minutes rather than 10. Likewise ensure exercises are fluctuated: a movement that includes moving about and commotion should be trailed by a calm assignment that permits children to â€Å"cool down†. Recollect likewise that kids won't carry out a responsibility since it is useful for their English. Assignments need a final product instead of being open-finished. Working in a test or serious component can work or request that students produce work that is shown on the divider. It’s an incredible inclination when the kids are occupied, however their happiness regarding an errand may show itself as far as clamor. Create signs to get consideration. This can be a lifted hand or turning off the lights. Whatever you do, don’t attempt to out-yell a class since they will consistently win. Where gatherings of kids are getting extremely boisterous it might be an ideal opportunity to change the gatherings around. Grown-ups like acclaim, yet kids truly love acclaim. Stay away from over-lauding people and attempt to praise entire gatherings. Utilize confirmed orders like, â€Å"Please communicate in English† instead of negative censures like, â€Å"Stop communicating in Spanish!† You’ll additionally maintain a strategic distance from issues on the off chance that you set out guidelines toward the start of the course. In the event that conceivable, include the kids in planning and working out the class rules †it is particularly acceptable practice with modular action words. A youngster that at that point disrupts these norms will see more prominent equity than if you make up your own guidelines on the spot. All the more significantly, you will be rebuffing the improper conduct, not the youngster.

Public Administration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Open Administration - Case Study Example study planned for noting what are the commitments that pioneers need to make in open associations to propel their workforce (Wright et al., 2012). The particular reason for the investigation was to distinguish the strategies through which pioneers following transformational initiative style can utilize interior and outer persuasive elements to expand their employee’s center and consideration towards the crucial the association. So as to direct this investigation information was gathered through a review in which the respondents remembered distinctive senior level administrators for the open association and the complete size of the individuals who were overviewed was in excess of 50,000 senior level directors (Wright et al., 2012). The review was provided with the assistance of the web and the overview was posted on the site of the examination. Out of those people who reacted to the overview an aggregate of 1,538 were considered as legitimate for the examination (Wright et al., 2012). Most of the respondents were male and they had a place with the White race and they had achieved more significant level instruction. The investigation was directed with the assistance of a measurable apparatus called relationship and relapse and the legitimacy of the reactions was broke down through the factual instrument of Cronbach Alpha (Wright et al., 2012). With the assistance of the examination the specialists recognized that pioneers who practice transformational initiative style can help in raising worker’s inspiration towards offering open types of assistance (Wright et al., 2012). The specialists even recognized that this type of authority furnished representatives with obviously and very much characterized objectives. The third fundamental finding of the investigation was that worker’s inspiration towards offering open types of assistance and unmistakably characterized jobs are two significant components that draw in representatives towards the strategic the association (Wright et al., 2012). Moreover the specialists recognized that pioneers in open associations that furnish their devotees with a dream, drove by setting a model,

Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs

Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs Visual, Cellular, Molecular, and Functional Changes in Smokers Lungs By Lynne Eldridge, MD  Lynne Eldrige, MD, is a lung cancer physician, patient advocate, and award-winning author of Avoiding Cancer One Day at a Time. Learn about our editorial policy Lynne Eldridge, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Doru Paul, MD on December 01, 2016 Doru Paul, MD, is board-certified in internal medicine, medical oncology, and hematology. Learn about our Medical Review Board Doru Paul, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Many people remember hearing about the difference between smokers lungs and normal healthy lungs at some point in time. These changes occur on a visual level, on a cellular level (under the microscope), and even on a molecular level. In addition to these structural changes, there are several functional differences between healthy lungs and smokers lungs as well, ranging from lung capacity to oxygen exchange. You may even recall the posters depicting the black, ugly-looking lungs of people who smoke. Does that really happen? What does cigarette smoke really do to the lungs? Differences Between Smokers Lungs and Normal Healthy Lungs To really comprehend the effect of tobacco smoke on the lungs we need to take a look at both the anatomyâ€"how the appearance of the lungs changes, and the physiologyâ€"how the function of a smokers lungs differ from those of healthy lungs.?? Yet we want to dig even deeper than that. What do a smokers lungs look like beginning with the changes you can see with your naked eye, down to the genetic changes too small to even be seen under a microscope, but often more ominous? The posters we spoke of earlier didnt lie. Lets start with what you may see if you could look at whole lungs exposed to tobacco. What Do Smokers Lung Look Like? The photo above is honestly what the lungs of a life-long smoker look like on a visual inspection with the naked eye. Its important to state that not all black lungs are related to tobacco smoke. Other irritants that can be inhaled may cause this appearance as well, such as the black lung disease sometimes seen in coal miners. Yet, its very easy to tell when looking at a set of lungs whether or not a person smoked during his life. Many people wonder what the black or brown color comes from. When you inhale cigarette smoke, there are thousands of tiny carbon-based particles that are inhaled. Our bodies have a special way of dealing with these particles to get them out of the way  if you will. As soon as you inhale a puff of cigarette smoke, your body is alerted to the fact that toxic particles have invaded. Inflammatory cells rush to the scene. One type of white blood cell called  macrophages  may be thought of as the garbage trucks of our immune systems. Macrophages essentially eat the nasty brown-black particles in cigarette smoke in a process called phagocytosis. Since these particles could be damaging even to garbage truck cells, they are walled off in tiny vesicles and stored as toxic waste. And there they sit. As more and more macrophages containing debris build up in the lungs and lymph nodes within the chest, the darker the lungs appear. You may be wondering if the brown and black color ever goes away. After all, macrophages dont live forever. When a macrophage dies, and the vesicles of cigarette waste are released, younger macrophages rush to the scene and ingest the particles. This process can occur over and over during a persons life. This is not to say that healing doesnt take place when someone quits smoking. It does. But the discoloration in the lungs may remain indefinitely. Smokers Lungs at a Cellular Level Taking a step down in size and looking at the lungs more closely, an increasing number of tobacco-related injuries are found. Under a microscope, the cells and surrounding tissues become visible as a well-appointed city, but a city ravaged by the toxic cloud of smoke that has descended upon it. Different structures in the respiratory tract are affected in different ways.?? Cilia:  The  cilia are tiny hair-like appendages that line the bronchi, and the smaller  bronchioles. The job of the cilia is to catch foreign material that finds its way into the airways and propel it up and out of the lungs to the throat in a wave-like manner. From the throat, this material can then be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acids. Unfortunately, toxins in cigarette smoke such as acrolein and  formaldehyde paralyze these tiny cilia so they cannot perform their function. This result is that other toxins (over 70 of them  carcinogens) and infectious organisms end up being left within the lungs where they can do damage both at the cellular level  and at the molecular level, changes that can, in turn, lead to cancer and other diseases. Mucus:  Inflammatory cells that are drawn to the scene in the airways secrete mucus in response to the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. This mucus can limit the amount of oxygen-rich air that reaches the smallest airways where gas exchange takes place. Mucus can also provide a nourishing breeding ground for the growth of harmful bacteria. The Airways:  Under the microscope, the airways can appear stretched outâ€"like the elastic in an old pair of shorts. This decrease in elasticity caused by components of tobacco smoke has important functional repercussions as well (discussed later on). The Alveoli:  The  alveoli  are the smallest of airways and the final lung-based destination of oxygen that we breathe in. These alveoli contain elastin and collagen which allows them to expand with inspiration and deflate with expiration. Altogether, the surface area of your alveoli is around 70 square meters, and if you laid them flat and placed them end to end they would cover a tennis court. Toxins in cigarette smoke damage these tiny structures in a few ways. It is easy for toxins to damage the thin walls causing them to rupture. Cigarette smoke also damages the alveoli that remain intact, decreasing their ability to expand and contract. Damage to the alveoli is a self-perpetuating problem. As more alveoli become damaged, there is more air trapping in the alveoli (air cannot be breathed out) which results in the dilation and rupture of more alveoli. In general, a large percent of the alveoli must be damaged before symptomsâ€"hypoxia due to less oxygen being present for exchange to take placeâ€"occurs. Problems with oxygen exchange between the alveoli and capillaries are discussed further under function. The Capillaries:  At the cellular level, its not just lung tissue that is damaged. The tiniest of blood vessels, the  capillaries, that are closely associated with the smallest airways are also damaged by tobacco smoke. Just as smoking can cause the damage to larger blood vessels (that can eventually lead to heart attacks), it can cause scarring and thickening of the capillary walls in the lungsâ€"walls that oxygen needs to pass through in order to combine with the hemoglobin in red blood cells to be carried from the lungs to the rest of the body. Smokers Lungs at a Molecular Level:  Genetics and Epigenetics To really understand how smoking causes some lung diseases such as lung cancer, we need to look deeper inside the cells to the molecular level. This is a level that we cant see directly through a microscope.?? In the nucleus of each of our lung cells lives our DNAâ€"the blueprint of the cell. This  DNA  contains the instructions for making every protein that is needed for the cell to grow, function, repair itself, and tell the cell it is time to die when it becomes old or damaged. You may have heard that a series of mutations in a cell is responsible for the link between  lung cancer and smoking, but many mutations usually take place prior to a cell becoming cancerous. In fact, there are usually thousands of mutations in a single lung cell exposed to tobacco. Some genes in lung cells code for proteins that are responsible for the growth and division of the cell. One type of genes called oncogenes, cause cells to grow and divide (even when they shouldnt). Other genes, called  tumor suppressor genes, code for proteins which repair damaged DNA or eliminate damaged cells which cannot be repaired.?? Several components in cigarette smoke have been found to cause mutations (they are carcinogenic) but studies have even shown ways in which tobacco specifically causes the damage which may  lead to cancer. For example, some tobacco carcinogens cause mutations in the  p53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene that codes for proteins that repair damaged cells or eliminate them so that a  cancer cell  isnt born. Epigenetics Finally, in addition to genetic changes caused by smoking, tobacco can cause epigenetic changes in lung cells as well. Epigenetic changes refer not to actual changes in the DNA of a cell, but the way that genes are expressed. According to a 2017 study, DNA methylation (epigenetic changes) that can be detected in the blood of people who smoke are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Unlike genetic changes in cells, epigenetic changes are more likely to be reversible with a healthy lifestyle. Function of Smokers Lungs vs Healthy Lungs (Physiology) Just as there are many changes that occur structurally in the lungs of someone who smokes, there are several changes that take place on a functional level as well. Pulmonary function tests  comparing people who smoke with those who do not smoke often show changes very early on, even in teens who smoke, and long before any symptoms occur. Some people who smoke feel reassured that if they are breathing without problems, they dont have a problem. Yet a large percent of lung tissue is usually destroyed before any symptoms occur. To understand this better, consider that people who have a whole lung removed (a pneumonectomy), and are otherwise healthy, can adapt so that they can carry on a reasonably normal lifestyle. Some have even climbed mountains. Lung Capacity in Smokers Lungs vs. Healthy Lungs Smoking can affect measurements of lung function in a number of ways. Total Lung Capacity The  total lung capacity, or the total amount of air you can breathe in taking the deepest breath possible is decreased by smoking in several ways. Smoking can result in damage to muscles in the chest reducing the expansion necessary to take a deep breath. The elasticity of the smooth muscle in the airways is likewise affected, and combined with the  loss of elasticity, can limit the amount of air breathed in as well. And at a microscopic level, when fewer alveoli are present (due to destruction by cigarette smoke), or air cant reach the alveoli (due to cigarette-related damage to the airways and build up of mucus), the intake of breath is also affected. These forces all work together to decrease lung capacity. Forced Expiratory Volume In addition to lung capacity, smoking results in difficulty in exhaling the carbon dioxide that is transferred from the capillaries in the lungs to the alveoli. As noted above, decreased elasticity of the larger airways and decreased recoil of the alveoli leads to air trapping. This results in a decrease in  forced expiratory volume. Smoking Cessation Helps Thankfully, researchers have noted that one of the  benefits of quitting smoking that occurs after only 2 weeks  is an increase in both lung capacity and expiratory volume. Oxygen Exchange in Smokers Lungs vs. Healthy Lungs Its not just the ability of oxygen to enter and pass down to the alveoli, or even the number of healthy alveoli present. Oxygen that reaches that alveoli must pass through the single cell lining of the alveoli and then through the double cell layer of the capillaries to reach the hemoglobin in red blood cells to be delivered to the rest of the body. Diffusing Capacity As noted above, cigarette smoke can affect both the alveoli and the lining of the capillaries making the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the two more difficult. Not only is there less surface area available for gas exchange, but the exchange is compromised. Its harder for oxygen to pass through the scarred walls of the alveoli and capillaries. The  diffusing capacity  is a pulmonary function test which measures this ability of a gas to make this transition from the alveoli into the bloodstream. Weve known for several decades that cigarette smoking can reduce diffusing capacity. Other Physiological Changes in the Lungs of a Smoker There are many more changes that occur in the lungs of someone who smokes, and the ones mentioned here only touch the surface. We mentioned how cigarette smoke can affect the capillaries, but also affects every blood vessel in the body. Damage to the larger blood vessels can lead to changes in blood flow that compromise the delivery of blood to the capillaries in the lungs in the first place. And its not just the arteries. Cigarette smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk of blood clots in the legs (deep venous thrombosis). These blood clots can in turn break off and travel to the lungs (pulmonary emboli) causing further damage, resulting in less healthy lung tissue (if a person survives). While some of these changes are not reversible, it is never too late to quit smoking both to minimize the damage and to allow your body to repair the damage that can be restored and healed. The Bottom Line: Lungs of a Smokers vs. Non-Smoker   Looking at all of the structural and functional changes in the lungs of someone who smokes stresses the importance of smoking cessation, though its not just the lungs that are of concern. There are a multitude of  diseases caused by smoking, with tobacco playing a role in nearly every body system. It is also not just lung cancer  that is of concern. Take a look at this list of  cancers caused by smoking  if you still feel any reluctance to stop today. If you still need a few facts?? to encourage you to quit: Overall, 1 in 5 deaths are due to smoking30 percent of cancers are due to smokingSmoking is responsible for 80 percent of lung cancers, the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and womenSmoking is responsible for 80 percent of COPD deaths, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States But the news isnt all bad: Heart disease risk drops drastically within a year of quittingStroke risk drops significantly two to five years after quittingThe risk of many cancers declines significantly by five years post-quitting Quitting Smoking:  Help Is Available! Thankfully, quitting smoking at any time can stop further damage from being done to your lungs and can reduce your risk of developing the diseases and cancers linked to the habit. We know its not easy.Yet its possible. Start today with quit smoking lesson 101 - reasons to quit  in order to make this attempt your final and successful attempt to kick the habit. A Word From Verywell It can be somewhat overwhelming to look at the vast number of ways that smoking affects both the structure and function of the lungs, but the important point is that smoking does not affect the lungs in just one way. Even if we had a way to bypass the damage caused, say, to alveoli, smoking would still be a problem. In other words, theres no healthy alternative to quitting. Despite this vast amount of damage, our bodies are amazingly resilient, and repair begins only seconds after the last puff.

Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs

Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs Visual, Cellular, Molecular, and Functional Changes in Smokers Lungs By Lynne Eldridge, MD  Lynne Eldrige, MD, is a lung cancer physician, patient advocate, and award-winning author of Avoiding Cancer One Day at a Time. Learn about our editorial policy Lynne Eldridge, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Doru Paul, MD on December 01, 2016 Doru Paul, MD, is board-certified in internal medicine, medical oncology, and hematology. Learn about our Medical Review Board Doru Paul, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Many people remember hearing about the difference between smokers lungs and normal healthy lungs at some point in time. These changes occur on a visual level, on a cellular level (under the microscope), and even on a molecular level. In addition to these structural changes, there are several functional differences between healthy lungs and smokers lungs as well, ranging from lung capacity to oxygen exchange. You may even recall the posters depicting the black, ugly-looking lungs of people who smoke. Does that really happen? What does cigarette smoke really do to the lungs? Differences Between Smokers Lungs and Normal Healthy Lungs To really comprehend the effect of tobacco smoke on the lungs we need to take a look at both the anatomyâ€"how the appearance of the lungs changes, and the physiologyâ€"how the function of a smokers lungs differ from those of healthy lungs.?? Yet we want to dig even deeper than that. What do a smokers lungs look like beginning with the changes you can see with your naked eye, down to the genetic changes too small to even be seen under a microscope, but often more ominous? The posters we spoke of earlier didnt lie. Lets start with what you may see if you could look at whole lungs exposed to tobacco. What Do Smokers Lung Look Like? The photo above is honestly what the lungs of a life-long smoker look like on a visual inspection with the naked eye. Its important to state that not all black lungs are related to tobacco smoke. Other irritants that can be inhaled may cause this appearance as well, such as the black lung disease sometimes seen in coal miners. Yet, its very easy to tell when looking at a set of lungs whether or not a person smoked during his life. Many people wonder what the black or brown color comes from. When you inhale cigarette smoke, there are thousands of tiny carbon-based particles that are inhaled. Our bodies have a special way of dealing with these particles to get them out of the way  if you will. As soon as you inhale a puff of cigarette smoke, your body is alerted to the fact that toxic particles have invaded. Inflammatory cells rush to the scene. One type of white blood cell called  macrophages  may be thought of as the garbage trucks of our immune systems. Macrophages essentially eat the nasty brown-black particles in cigarette smoke in a process called phagocytosis. Since these particles could be damaging even to garbage truck cells, they are walled off in tiny vesicles and stored as toxic waste. And there they sit. As more and more macrophages containing debris build up in the lungs and lymph nodes within the chest, the darker the lungs appear. You may be wondering if the brown and black color ever goes away. After all, macrophages dont live forever. When a macrophage dies, and the vesicles of cigarette waste are released, younger macrophages rush to the scene and ingest the particles. This process can occur over and over during a persons life. This is not to say that healing doesnt take place when someone quits smoking. It does. But the discoloration in the lungs may remain indefinitely. Smokers Lungs at a Cellular Level Taking a step down in size and looking at the lungs more closely, an increasing number of tobacco-related injuries are found. Under a microscope, the cells and surrounding tissues become visible as a well-appointed city, but a city ravaged by the toxic cloud of smoke that has descended upon it. Different structures in the respiratory tract are affected in different ways.?? Cilia:  The  cilia are tiny hair-like appendages that line the bronchi, and the smaller  bronchioles. The job of the cilia is to catch foreign material that finds its way into the airways and propel it up and out of the lungs to the throat in a wave-like manner. From the throat, this material can then be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acids. Unfortunately, toxins in cigarette smoke such as acrolein and  formaldehyde paralyze these tiny cilia so they cannot perform their function. This result is that other toxins (over 70 of them  carcinogens) and infectious organisms end up being left within the lungs where they can do damage both at the cellular level  and at the molecular level, changes that can, in turn, lead to cancer and other diseases. Mucus:  Inflammatory cells that are drawn to the scene in the airways secrete mucus in response to the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. This mucus can limit the amount of oxygen-rich air that reaches the smallest airways where gas exchange takes place. Mucus can also provide a nourishing breeding ground for the growth of harmful bacteria. The Airways:  Under the microscope, the airways can appear stretched outâ€"like the elastic in an old pair of shorts. This decrease in elasticity caused by components of tobacco smoke has important functional repercussions as well (discussed later on). The Alveoli:  The  alveoli  are the smallest of airways and the final lung-based destination of oxygen that we breathe in. These alveoli contain elastin and collagen which allows them to expand with inspiration and deflate with expiration. Altogether, the surface area of your alveoli is around 70 square meters, and if you laid them flat and placed them end to end they would cover a tennis court. Toxins in cigarette smoke damage these tiny structures in a few ways. It is easy for toxins to damage the thin walls causing them to rupture. Cigarette smoke also damages the alveoli that remain intact, decreasing their ability to expand and contract. Damage to the alveoli is a self-perpetuating problem. As more alveoli become damaged, there is more air trapping in the alveoli (air cannot be breathed out) which results in the dilation and rupture of more alveoli. In general, a large percent of the alveoli must be damaged before symptomsâ€"hypoxia due to less oxygen being present for exchange to take placeâ€"occurs. Problems with oxygen exchange between the alveoli and capillaries are discussed further under function. The Capillaries:  At the cellular level, its not just lung tissue that is damaged. The tiniest of blood vessels, the  capillaries, that are closely associated with the smallest airways are also damaged by tobacco smoke. Just as smoking can cause the damage to larger blood vessels (that can eventually lead to heart attacks), it can cause scarring and thickening of the capillary walls in the lungsâ€"walls that oxygen needs to pass through in order to combine with the hemoglobin in red blood cells to be carried from the lungs to the rest of the body. Smokers Lungs at a Molecular Level:  Genetics and Epigenetics To really understand how smoking causes some lung diseases such as lung cancer, we need to look deeper inside the cells to the molecular level. This is a level that we cant see directly through a microscope.?? In the nucleus of each of our lung cells lives our DNAâ€"the blueprint of the cell. This  DNA  contains the instructions for making every protein that is needed for the cell to grow, function, repair itself, and tell the cell it is time to die when it becomes old or damaged. You may have heard that a series of mutations in a cell is responsible for the link between  lung cancer and smoking, but many mutations usually take place prior to a cell becoming cancerous. In fact, there are usually thousands of mutations in a single lung cell exposed to tobacco. Some genes in lung cells code for proteins that are responsible for the growth and division of the cell. One type of genes called oncogenes, cause cells to grow and divide (even when they shouldnt). Other genes, called  tumor suppressor genes, code for proteins which repair damaged DNA or eliminate damaged cells which cannot be repaired.?? Several components in cigarette smoke have been found to cause mutations (they are carcinogenic) but studies have even shown ways in which tobacco specifically causes the damage which may  lead to cancer. For example, some tobacco carcinogens cause mutations in the  p53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene that codes for proteins that repair damaged cells or eliminate them so that a  cancer cell  isnt born. Epigenetics Finally, in addition to genetic changes caused by smoking, tobacco can cause epigenetic changes in lung cells as well. Epigenetic changes refer not to actual changes in the DNA of a cell, but the way that genes are expressed. According to a 2017 study, DNA methylation (epigenetic changes) that can be detected in the blood of people who smoke are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Unlike genetic changes in cells, epigenetic changes are more likely to be reversible with a healthy lifestyle. Function of Smokers Lungs vs Healthy Lungs (Physiology) Just as there are many changes that occur structurally in the lungs of someone who smokes, there are several changes that take place on a functional level as well. Pulmonary function tests  comparing people who smoke with those who do not smoke often show changes very early on, even in teens who smoke, and long before any symptoms occur. Some people who smoke feel reassured that if they are breathing without problems, they dont have a problem. Yet a large percent of lung tissue is usually destroyed before any symptoms occur. To understand this better, consider that people who have a whole lung removed (a pneumonectomy), and are otherwise healthy, can adapt so that they can carry on a reasonably normal lifestyle. Some have even climbed mountains. Lung Capacity in Smokers Lungs vs. Healthy Lungs Smoking can affect measurements of lung function in a number of ways. Total Lung Capacity The  total lung capacity, or the total amount of air you can breathe in taking the deepest breath possible is decreased by smoking in several ways. Smoking can result in damage to muscles in the chest reducing the expansion necessary to take a deep breath. The elasticity of the smooth muscle in the airways is likewise affected, and combined with the  loss of elasticity, can limit the amount of air breathed in as well. And at a microscopic level, when fewer alveoli are present (due to destruction by cigarette smoke), or air cant reach the alveoli (due to cigarette-related damage to the airways and build up of mucus), the intake of breath is also affected. These forces all work together to decrease lung capacity. Forced Expiratory Volume In addition to lung capacity, smoking results in difficulty in exhaling the carbon dioxide that is transferred from the capillaries in the lungs to the alveoli. As noted above, decreased elasticity of the larger airways and decreased recoil of the alveoli leads to air trapping. This results in a decrease in  forced expiratory volume. Smoking Cessation Helps Thankfully, researchers have noted that one of the  benefits of quitting smoking that occurs after only 2 weeks  is an increase in both lung capacity and expiratory volume. Oxygen Exchange in Smokers Lungs vs. Healthy Lungs Its not just the ability of oxygen to enter and pass down to the alveoli, or even the number of healthy alveoli present. Oxygen that reaches that alveoli must pass through the single cell lining of the alveoli and then through the double cell layer of the capillaries to reach the hemoglobin in red blood cells to be delivered to the rest of the body. Diffusing Capacity As noted above, cigarette smoke can affect both the alveoli and the lining of the capillaries making the passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the two more difficult. Not only is there less surface area available for gas exchange, but the exchange is compromised. Its harder for oxygen to pass through the scarred walls of the alveoli and capillaries. The  diffusing capacity  is a pulmonary function test which measures this ability of a gas to make this transition from the alveoli into the bloodstream. Weve known for several decades that cigarette smoking can reduce diffusing capacity. Other Physiological Changes in the Lungs of a Smoker There are many more changes that occur in the lungs of someone who smokes, and the ones mentioned here only touch the surface. We mentioned how cigarette smoke can affect the capillaries, but also affects every blood vessel in the body. Damage to the larger blood vessels can lead to changes in blood flow that compromise the delivery of blood to the capillaries in the lungs in the first place. And its not just the arteries. Cigarette smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk of blood clots in the legs (deep venous thrombosis). These blood clots can in turn break off and travel to the lungs (pulmonary emboli) causing further damage, resulting in less healthy lung tissue (if a person survives). While some of these changes are not reversible, it is never too late to quit smoking both to minimize the damage and to allow your body to repair the damage that can be restored and healed. The Bottom Line: Lungs of a Smokers vs. Non-Smoker   Looking at all of the structural and functional changes in the lungs of someone who smokes stresses the importance of smoking cessation, though its not just the lungs that are of concern. There are a multitude of  diseases caused by smoking, with tobacco playing a role in nearly every body system. It is also not just lung cancer  that is of concern. Take a look at this list of  cancers caused by smoking  if you still feel any reluctance to stop today. If you still need a few facts?? to encourage you to quit: Overall, 1 in 5 deaths are due to smoking30 percent of cancers are due to smokingSmoking is responsible for 80 percent of lung cancers, the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and womenSmoking is responsible for 80 percent of COPD deaths, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States But the news isnt all bad: Heart disease risk drops drastically within a year of quittingStroke risk drops significantly two to five years after quittingThe risk of many cancers declines significantly by five years post-quitting Quitting Smoking:  Help Is Available! Thankfully, quitting smoking at any time can stop further damage from being done to your lungs and can reduce your risk of developing the diseases and cancers linked to the habit. We know its not easy.Yet its possible. Start today with quit smoking lesson 101 - reasons to quit  in order to make this attempt your final and successful attempt to kick the habit. A Word From Verywell It can be somewhat overwhelming to look at the vast number of ways that smoking affects both the structure and function of the lungs, but the important point is that smoking does not affect the lungs in just one way. Even if we had a way to bypass the damage caused, say, to alveoli, smoking would still be a problem. In other words, theres no healthy alternative to quitting. Despite this vast amount of damage, our bodies are amazingly resilient, and repair begins only seconds after the last puff.

Essay on Brain Development in Victims of Child Abuse

Child abuse is a widespread problem in America and beyond. Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children(1a). For many years, experts believed that the negative effects of child abuse, such as emotional problems, flashbacks to traumatic events, and even learning problems, were psychological phenomena only, able to be cured with therapy. Now, however, beliefs are being changed with the help of tools such as MRI imaging, able to detect actual changes in brain anatomy, and it appears that what doesnt kill you may still permanently weaken you, at least when it comes to child abuse. The chief danger to the brain in child abuse, besides direct injury by the†¦show more content†¦The water-soluble neurotransmitters, on the other hand, only last for seconds (3). This persistance of the stress hormones makes it hard for the brain to return to its natural, unstressed state. The brain develops in such a way that it leaves itself vulnerable to these negative influences. The prenatal brain develops an overabundance of neurons, some of which are then carefully eliminated before age 4 (5). In a process similar to this, the amount of synapses between neurons is built up during early childhood and then pruned back for the next 30 years of life (5). These two processes are both disturbed by elevated levels of stress hormones (5). The two centers of the brain with the most postnatal changes, including the growth of new neurons after birth, are the hippocampus, which is part of the limbic system, and the cerebellar vermis (6). The hippocampus is in charge of creating and retrieving memories, working together with the other parts of the limbic system, such as the amygdala, which records the emotions for each memory. The vermis controls the production and release of two of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine (6). Both the vermis and the limbic system have higher concentrations of receptors for the stress hormone cortisol than anywhere else in the brain (6). Due to this fact, these still-developing areas are the most vulnerable to the damage done by elevated levels of stress hormones. TheShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. 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Online. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118094822.ch2/pdf Annotated Bibliography: In this article, the author is making an argument that sexual abuse causes brain development problems inRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1488 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In addressing child abuse we are confronted with a series of problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of the true extent of the phenomenon because no data are available and that the issue, often refers to the most intimate spaces of family life. Furthermore, cultural and historical traditions affect the way each society faces this problem. Finally, there are varying opinions as to its definition and classification, as well as the consequences of child abuse may have and its subsequent therapeuticRead MoreWhat Drives A Person Insane? Serial Killers997 Words   |  4 Pagesvital in the development of a child’s brain (Kirouac, McBride, 2009). 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The Old Woman and Miss Cunegund - 869 Words

Candide is a satirical piece written by Voltaire, the great French historian and philosopher during the Age of Enlightenment. There are two contrasting female characters in the literature. Cunegund is the daughter of a baron who experiences unbearable miseries. An unnamed old woman is a servant of Cunegund who was born as a daughter of a Pope. Candide, who is Cunegund’s lover, is also a traveling companion. Even though both Cunegund and the old woman share similarities in their respective lives, and possess admirable strength, they contrast in that the old woman is pessimistic and realistic while Cunegund is optimistic and impractical. The old woman is more practical and realistic than Cunegund, who is looking for her jewels and other†¦show more content†¦However, Cunegund takes pleasure in telling her companions that they are now on their voyage to a new place and believes that all will be well. She also suggests to them not to consider as seriously whatever sad incidents which they have encountered. She conveys, however, that she cannot help but reflect on the memories of her experience. The old woman shows pessimism in the adventure with Cunegund, but Cunegund conveys the hope that indeed they will find peace and enjoyment. Even though Cunegund has manifests hopelessness in one line of the story, she makes reservation for new opportunities when Candide expresses the expectations that they are on their way to a new and probably better world. It may have turned out differently if Candide was not at her side. Even though Cunegund and the old lady have different attitudes and outlooks toward life, they share similarities in their respective lives. From riches, they go down to horrible and pitiful existences. They first savor luxury, comfort and distinction, and are the objects of attention. Then, every happy moment fades and disappears as adversity begins to set in, and a barrage of other undesirable circumstances follows. While both females have unhappy pasts, the old woman completely shrugs off her sad experiences in stride. In the case of Cunegund, she still maintains resentment over her previous encounters in life. As Cunegund narrates a litany of hardships whichShow MoreRelatedVoltaire s View Of Voltaire1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthan this. This is what makes Voltaire criticize part of Europeans. Voltaire did satirize different institutions for instance, other philosophers, many religious people, protestant pastors, and minority groups. He criticizes the church when the old woman begun saying â€Å"you must know that I am the daughter of pope Urban X and of the princess of Palestrina (In chapter 11)†. Voltaire explains that there is no pope named Urban X and he uses this opportunity to condemn the church. He means that the CatholicRead MoreRoad to El Dorado Essay597 Words   |  3 Pagesto find Cunegund, and he wants to be of higher status. In El Dorado, everyone has wealth; but if Candide leaves with some pebbles from El Dorado he can richer then the nobles in Europe. With these reasons in mind, Candide prepares for his departure from the perfect Utopia. The seemingly perfect Utopia is not that perfect for Candide, for there are a few things that Candide must have in his world that are not present in El Dorado. Candide was forced to leave his beautiful love, Cunegund. This was

The Do This, Get That Guide On How to Write an Essay Describing Yourself

The Do This, Get That Guide On How to Write an Essay Describing Yourself Choosing Good How to Write an Essay Describing Yourself Describing your very first wedding ceremony or gig with the audio band isn't the best idea. Perhaps you persisted despite a critical illness or death in your loved ones. My teachers and parents are pleased with my performance. My parents are content with my performance. You may easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. Scholarship and admissions committees like to realize that you're self-aware and conscious of ways to improve as an individual so go right ahead and discuss your mistakes and the way you learned from them. Many students might have the wisdom and capacity to compose decent scholarship essays, but a lot of them don't steer clear of certain mistakes. Today, most college students find it difficult to compose an essay on a particular topic. 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After understanding the prompt, the very first thing that you ought to do when figuring out how to compose an essay about yourself is to earn a list of questions which you want to answer. If you don't have an idea what an essay depicting your person should include, you might get inspired by someone else. Sometimes you should return and find extra sources to corroborate your viewpoint. In the event you always write essay, giving personal opinions, you might need to adjust. Translate any words you don't find out how to write them into your essay. How to Write an Essay Describing Yourself Help! There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You may start out with something from your life and experiences and make sure that you leave a long-lasting impression with your readers. 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What's more, besides the countless papers on various subjects, you may have a number of other responsibilities which require appreciable attention. Students aren't the very same as hundreds of years back. Your own personal bio is an oppor tunity to spell out your potential. My goal in life is to become a physician and serve humanity. Whether you're searching for a new job or attempting to climb the corporate ladder, a personal SWOT analysis will be able to help you accomplish your aims. You're writing a lead because you believe you need one. Generally speaking, it's a very good idea to start by mentioning the region in which you grew up. Your rebuttal doesn't have to be like that! You can begin with an overall introduction. Today, there are many sources a student can depend on for an illustration of a personal essay. There are an infinite number of approaches to commence an essay effectively. 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